https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/22022025/gibraltar

Published Date: 22 February 2025

Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher to Identify Risks versus Opportunities at the Country Level

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This blog focuses on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade in a certain country or territory in terms of how the Location Factors (Political, Economic, Technological, Ecological, Legal and Cultural) and Entry Modes (e.g. M&As, Export and Greenfield) impact the attractiveness - or vice versa - the risks of FDI and International Trade in the certain country or territory, still, keep in mind that each risk may lead to an opportunity for resolving problems via suitable FDI and International Trade, while each opportunity for FDI and International Trade may involve risks.

Gibraltar, UK

Distance from Gibraltar to UK: 1,759 Km (Straight line distance Capital-to-Capital in Km, Map Developers)

Gibraltar was under Spain sovereignty until 1713 when it was ceded to the British Crown following the defeat of Spain in the War of the Spanish Succession. Hence, Gibraltar has been a British colony since the 18th century, which was started mainly as a military point due to its strategic location in the narrow Strait of Gibraltar, which connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Mediterranean Sea and serves as the separation point between Europe and Africa. Over the years, Spain has claimed sovereignty over Gibraltar, but Gibraltar choose to remain under British sovereignty following the referendum of 1967. Gibraltar even rejected sharing sovereignty between UK and Spain over Gibraltar following the referendum of 2002. Following the Brexit, Spain called again for shared sovereignty with UK over Gibraltar because Gibraltar preferred to remain in the EU, but Gibraltar rejected this idea, still, until today, Spain maintains a sovereignty claim over Gibraltar based on territorial integrity. Currently, Gibraltar has the status of a British Overseas Territory namely, the British Governor acted as the Head of State of Gibraltar, still, Gibraltar has an elected Chief Minister of Gibraltar that acted as the head of the local government. Besides, Gibraltar has an elected local parliament.

• Governor of the Gibraltar: Sir Ben Bathurst (since June 2024)

• Chief Minister of Gibraltar: Fabian Picardo (since December 2011)

• Government of Gibraltar https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/

Population

Source: World Bank

Key Figures of the Territory, Global Position, Alliances, and 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR)

• Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Yearly Rank to Compare the Global Political Power among Countries to Survive Long Conflicts and Wars at the Military Level and Economic Level Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb

• Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances

Key Figures of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade

Profile

• Gibraltar - BBC https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18219307

• Gibraltar - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/place/Gibraltar

• Gibraltar - UNCTAD https://unctadstat.unctad.org/CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/en-GB/292/index.html

Interviews with the Chief Minister of Gibraltar

Research Papers and Research Books

• Gibraltar, identity and empire Archer, E. G. (2013). Gibraltar, identity and empire. Routledge.

• The regime of the Strait of Gibraltar Lacombe, H., & Richez, C. (1982). The regime of the Strait of Gibraltar. In Elsevier oceanography series (Vol. 34, pp. 13-73). Elsevier.

• Gibraltar: British or Spanish? Gold, P. (2004). Gibraltar: British or Spanish?. Routledge.

• The flow of Atlantic water through the Strait of Gibraltar Farmer, D. M., & Armi, L. (1988). The flow of Atlantic water through the Strait of Gibraltar. Progress in Oceanography, 21(1), 1-103.

• Identity formation in Gibraltar: Geopolitical, historical and cultural factors Gold, P. (2010). Identity formation in Gibraltar: Geopolitical, historical and cultural factors. Geopolitics, 15(2), 367-384.

• Putting geopolitics in its place: Gibraltar and the emergence of strategic locations Dittmer, J. (2021). Putting geopolitics in its place: Gibraltar and the emergence of strategic locations. Political Geography, 88, 102405.

• Evidence of reflected internal solitary waves in the Strait of Gibraltar Roustan, J. B., Bordois, L., Garciá‐Lafuente, J., Dumas, F., Auclair, F., & Carton, X. (2024). Evidence of reflected internal solitary waves in the Strait of Gibraltar. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 129(2), e2023JC020152.

• Gibraltar Pieters, D., & Pieters, D. (2021). Gibraltar. Social Security Law in Small Jurisdictions, 117-126.

• Towards the declaration of the strait of Gibraltar as an environmental controlled area Moreno-Gutiérrez, J., & Durán-Grados, V. (2023). Towards the declaration of the strait of Gibraltar as an environmental controlled area. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 192, 115042.

• Gibraltar in Spanish foreign policy: Brexit as an opportunity for a new approach Verdú Baeza, J. (2021). Gibraltar in Spanish foreign policy: Brexit as an opportunity for a new approach. The Round Table, 110(3), 357-367.

• Gibraltar subduction zone is invading the Atlantic Duarte, J. C., Riel, N., Rosas, F. M., Popov, A., Schuler, C., & Kaus, B. J. (2024). Gibraltar subduction zone is invading the Atlantic. Geology, 52(5), 331-335.

Historical Background and Historical Perspective

• Gibraltar: a modern history Stockey, G., & Grocott, C. (2012). Gibraltar: a modern history. University of Wales Press.

• Community and identity: The making of modern Gibraltar since 1704 Constantine, S. (2013). Community and identity: The making of modern Gibraltar since 1704. In Community and identity. Manchester University Press.

• On the origin of the Strait of Gibraltar Loget, N., & Van Den Driessche, J. (2006). On the origin of the Strait of Gibraltar. Sedimentary Geology, 188, 341-356.

• Gibraltar: the legal issues Fawcett, J. E. (1967). Gibraltar: the legal issues. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 43(2), 236-251.

• The history of Gibraltar and of its political relation to events in Europe Sayer, F. (2022). The history of Gibraltar and of its political relation to events in Europe. BoD–Books on Demand.

• The Cultural History of Moroccans in the British Gibraltar Omar, A. (2019). The Cultural History of Moroccans in the British Gibraltar.

• Following the last Neanderthals: Mammal tracks in late Pleistocene coastal dunes of Gibraltar (S Iberian Peninsula) Muñiz, F., Cáceres, L. M., Rodríguez-Vidal, J., de Carvalho, C. N., Belo, J., Finlayson, C., ... & Ruiz, F. (2019). Following the last Neanderthals: Mammal tracks in late Pleistocene coastal dunes of Gibraltar (S Iberian Peninsula). Quaternary Science Reviews, 217, 297-309.

• The Maritime Trade of Gibraltar 1805–1819 Benady, T. (2010). The Maritime Trade of Gibraltar 1805–1819. Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 19(2), 187-200.

National Bird