Ceuta, Spain

Ceuta has been a Colony of Spain since 1668 when King Afonso VI of Portugal ceded Ceuta to King Carlos II of Spain, which was a Colony of Portugal from 1415 until 1668 following the Conquest of Ceuta by Portugal. Over the last centuries, Morocco made several attempts to retake Ceuta without success, so Ceuta remained part of Spain under the Province of Cádiz. However, in 1995, Spain granted the Statutes of Autonomy for Ceuta by replacing the City Council of Ceuta with the Government of Ceuta and the Assembly of Ceuta. Nevertheless, Morocco never recognised the sovereignty of Spain on Ceuta and Melilla, so the Moroccan government has repeatedly demanded that Spain will handover the sovereignty of Ceuta, Melilla and the Plazas de Soberanía to Morocco (see Ceuta and Melilla: Spain's enclaves in North Africa, BBC, 5 June 2021 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57305882). For more information on Melilla, please see Melilla, Spain https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/05082024/melilla. Note, Plazas de Soberanía refer to several islands along the coast of Morocco, mainly uninhabited, which have been held as Colonies by Spain since the 19th century (see map below).

Government of Ceuta http://www.gobiernodeceuta.es/
Assembly of Ceuta https://www.ceuta.es/gobiernodeceuta/index.php/el-gobierno/la-asamblea

Ceuta, Melilla and the Plazas de Soberanía

Plazas de Soberanía include Alhucemas Islands, Chafarinas Islands, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, and Perejil Island

Ceuta

Global Survival Rank (GSR) by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Yearly Rank to Compare the Global Political Power among Countries, Alliances and Coalitions to Survive Long Wars at the Military Level, Economic Level, and Political Level

2024 Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb/2024

Key Figures of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade

Source: OEC

Profile of Ceuta, Spain

Ceuta - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/place/Ceuta
Ceuta - BBC https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627

Interview with the President of Ceuta, Spain

Research Papers and Research Books

Ceuta: the humanitarian and the fortress Europe Aris Escarcena, J. P. (2022). Ceuta: the humanitarian and the fortress Europe. Antipode, 54(1), 64-85.
The Ceuta border peripeteia: tasting the externalities of EU border externalization Ferrer-Gallardo, X., & Gabrielli, L. (2022). The Ceuta border peripeteia: tasting the externalities of EU border externalization. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 37(3), 645-655.
Exclave accessibility and cross-border travel: The pene-exclave of Ceuta, Spain Poulaki, I., Papatheodorou, A., Panagiotopoulos, A., & Liasidou, S. (2023). Exclave accessibility and cross-border travel: The pene-exclave of Ceuta, Spain. In Migration, Tourism and Social Sustainability (pp. 141-165). Routledge.
Abundance and temporal distribution of beach litter on the coast of Ceuta (north Africa, Gibraltar strait) Asensio-Montesinos, F., Anfuso, G., Aguilar-Torrelo, M. T., & Oliva Ramírez, M. (2021). Abundance and temporal distribution of beach litter on the coast of Ceuta (north Africa, Gibraltar strait). Water, 13(19), 2739.
Populism and racism on social networks: An analysis of the Vox discourse on Twitter during the Ceuta 'migrant crisis' Olmos-Alcaraz, A. (2022). Populism and racism on social networks: An analysis of the Vox discourse on Twitter during the Ceuta ‘migrant crisis’. Catalan journal of communication & cultural studies, 14(2), 207-223.
Hotbed of radicalization or something else?: An ethnographic exploration of a Muslim neighborhood in Ceuta Kenney, M. (2011). Hotbed of radicalization or something else?: An ethnographic exploration of a Muslim neighborhood in Ceuta. Terrorism and Political Violence, 23(4), 537-559.

'Building Fortress Europe? Schengen and the Cases of Ceuta and Melilla' Pinos, J. C. (2009). 'Building Fortress Europe? Schengen and the Cases of Ceuta and Melilla'.
Ceuta and the Spanish sovereign territories: Spanish and Moroccan claims O'Reilly, G. (1994). Ceuta and the Spanish sovereign territories: Spanish and Moroccan claims. IBRU.
Europe or Africa?: A contemporary study of the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla Gold, P. (2000). Europe or Africa?: A contemporary study of the Spanish North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Liverpool University Press.
Is Morocco operating a grey zone in Ceuta and Melilla? Baqués-Quesada, J. (2023). Is Morocco operating a grey zone in Ceuta and Melilla?. Defence Studies, 23(2), 198-214.
The tensions of the Ceuta and Melilla border fences Pallister-Wilkins, P. (2016). The tensions of the Ceuta and Melilla border fences. In EurAfrican Borders and Migration Management: Political Cultures, Contested Spaces, and Ordinary Lives (pp. 63-81). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
Frontera Sur: Behind and beyond the fences of Ceuta and Melilla Queirolo Palmas, L. (2021). Frontera Sur: Behind and beyond the fences of Ceuta and Melilla. Ethnography, 22(4), 451-473.
Ceuta and Melilla: clouds over the African Spanish towns. Muslim minorities, Spaniards' fears and Morocco–Spain mutual dependence González Enríquez, C. (2007). Ceuta and Melilla: clouds over the African Spanish towns. Muslim minorities, Spaniards' fears and Morocco–Spain mutual dependence. The Journal of North African Studies, 12(2), 219-234.
Policy, Media, and the Shaping of Spain-Morocco Relations: Discursive Representations of Migration to Ceuta and Melilla Ali, F. (2024). Policy, Media, and the Shaping of Spain-Morocco Relations: Discursive Representations of Migration to Ceuta and Melilla. Springer Nature.
When Spain meets Morocco: discourses, language choices and linguistic policy in Ceuta and Melilla Knoerrich Aldabo, I. A. (2011). When Spain meets Morocco: discourses, language choices and linguistic policy in Ceuta and Melilla. Dialectologia et Geolinguistica, 19(1), 103-118.

Historical Background and Historical Perspective

On the Conquest of Ceuta Livermore, H. V. (1965). On the Conquest of Ceuta. Luso-Brazilian Review, 2(1), 3-13.
The Strategic Position and Defence of Ceuta in the Later Muslim Period Latham, D. (1972). The Strategic Position and Defence of Ceuta in the Later Muslim Period. University Press.
New Horizons: The Conquest of Ceuta and the Sea MONTEIRO, J. G. (2021). New Horizons: The Conquest of Ceuta and the Sea. The Global History of Portugal: From Pre-History to the Modern World, 159.
Ceuta in the Strategy of the Powers of the Western Mediterranean Cherif, M. (2019). Ceuta in the Strategy of the Powers of the Western Mediterranean. Ostour: A Bi-annual Peer-reviewed Journal for Historical Studies, (10).

Ceuta: Multicultural city

Ceuta, Spain

Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher to Identify Risks versus Opportunities at the Country Level

Ceuta, Spain

Palau

Mongolia