Western Sahara
https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/20022025/western-sahara
Published Date: 20 February 2025
Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher to Identify Risks versus Opportunities at the Country Level
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This blog focuses on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade in a certain country or territory in terms of how the Location Factors (Political, Economic, Technological, Ecological, Legal and Cultural) and Entry Modes (e.g. M&As, Export and Greenfield) impact the attractiveness - or vice versa - the risks of FDI and International Trade in the certain country or territory, still, keep in mind that each risk may lead to an opportunity for resolving problems via suitable FDI and International Trade, while each opportunity for FDI and International Trade may involve risks.
Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
A Researcher in International Relations with a Focus on Security, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
Western Sahara
Disputed Country between Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) and Morocco
Western Sahara was a Colony of Spain until 1975 when it was transferred to joint administration control by Morocco and Mauritania. However, immediately after that, a war erupted between those countries and a Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), yet in 1979, Mauritania withdrew its claims, while Morocco secured de facto control of most of the territory, despite that the UN considers the SADR as the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people with the right to self-determination. Hence, Western Sahara is considered both as a Disputed Territory and as a Disputed Country, because about 80% of the Territory is occupied by Morocco, while about 20% of the Territory is controlled by Western Sahara (Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic).
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4043587/files/A_AC.109_2024_17-EN.pdf?ln=en
General Assembly resolutions on Western Sahara from 2008 https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/documents?key=resolution western sahara
United Nations Secretariat annual working papers on Western Sahara issued since 2008 https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/documents?key=working paper western sahara
For full details about the countries that recognized the Self-Declaration of Independent Country by Western Sahara, Please see Section E16.5.1 in 2024 Global Survival Rank https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2024/e/16
Coat of Arms of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Key Figures of the Country, Global Position, Alliances, and 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR)
Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Yearly Rank to Compare the Global Political Power among Countries to Survive Long Conflicts and Wars at the Military Level and Economic Level Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances
Key Figures of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
Source: International Trade Council
Major Exports: Phosphates, fish, and fish products
Major Imports: Fuel, foodstuffs, machinery, and manufactured goods
Country Profile
Western Sahara - United Nation https://www.un.org/dppa/decolonization/en/nsgt/western-sahara
Interview with Western Sahara President Brahim Ghali
Research Papers and Research Books
Western Sahara: War, nationalism, and conflict irresolution Zunes, S., & Mundy, J. (2022). Western Sahara: War, nationalism, and conflict irresolution. Syracuse University Press.
Natural resource exploitation in Western Sahara: new research directions Allan, J., & Ojeda-García, R. (2022). Natural resource exploitation in Western Sahara: new research directions. The Journal of North African Studies, 27(6), 1107-1136.
Endgame in the Western Sahara: what future for Africa's last colony Shelley, T. (2004). Endgame in the Western Sahara: what future for Africa's last colony. Zed Books.
Nationalism, identity and citizenship in the Western Sahara San Martin, P. (2013). Nationalism, identity and citizenship in the Western Sahara. In The Sahara (pp. 304-331). Routledge.
Saharan stasis: Status and future prospects of the Western Sahara conflict Dunbar, C. (2000). Saharan stasis: Status and future prospects of the Western Sahara conflict. The Middle East Journal, 522-545.
The taking of the Sahara: the role of natural resources in the continuing occupation of Western Sahara Smith, J. J. (2018). The taking of the Sahara: the role of natural resources in the continuing occupation of Western Sahara. Western Sahara, 23-43.
Western Sahara: international law, justice and natural resources Kingsbury, D. (Ed.). (2018). Western Sahara: international law, justice and natural resources. Routledge.
Conflict in Western Sahara Zoubir, Y. H. (2018). Conflict in Western Sahara. In Interpreting the Middle East (pp. 303-336). Routledge.
The Establishment Of The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) 1976 And Its International Position Abdul-Jubouri, A. K. S. (2023). The Establishment Of The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) 1976 And Its International Position. Iraqi Journal of Humanitarian, Social and Scientific Research, 3(10).
Democratising elections without parties: reflections on the case of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Wilson, A. (2010). Democratising elections without parties: reflections on the case of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The Journal of North African Studies, 15(4), 423-438.
United Nations and ICJ Institutionalization of Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Quest for Self-Determination OA Adedoyin, AE Folasade. (2022). Journal of Innovative Social Sci. & Hum. Res, 22(6).
On the Issue of Monetary Circulation in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Andreev, A. (2022). On the Issue of Monetary Circulation in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 2(2), 153-167.
United Nations Mission and Conflict Resolution in Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, 1991-2019 Jimoh, K. O. (2021). United Nations Mission and Conflict Resolution in Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, 1991-2019. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 5(3), 507-516.
Democratic Institution Building in the Context of a Liberation War: The Example of Western Sahara and Polisario Front Elisabeth, B. (2017). Democratic Institution Building in the Context of a Liberation War: The Example of Western Sahara and Polisario Front. In New Challenges in Local and Regional Administration (pp. 137-154). Routledge.
International law as challenge to EU acts: Front Polisario II Odermatt, J. (2023). International law as challenge to EU acts: Front Polisario II. Common Market Law Review, 60(1), 217-238.
Delegitimisation of Identity as a Political Strategy: the Moroccan official discourse about the Polisario Front Barata, M. J., & Bartolucci, V. (2009). Delegitimisation of Identity as a Political Strategy: the Moroccan official discourse about the Polisario Front. Rethinking Peace and Security: New Dimensions, Strategies and Actors, Bilbao: University of Duesto, 93-103.
Historical Background and Historical Perspective
A History of Western Sahara Correale, F. (2024). A History of Western Sahara. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History.
A History of the Western Sahara Conflict: The Paper Desert Baers, M. (2022). A History of the Western Sahara Conflict: The Paper Desert. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Traditional Costume
