Syria

Syria, 31 March 2022

Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher’s Academic Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade: Opportunities versus Risks

Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher - Researcher in International Business with a focus on Risks

In this blog, I focus each time on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade in a certain country or territory in terms of how Location Factors (Political, Economic, Technological, Ecological, Legal and Cultural) and Entry Modes (e.g. M&As, Export and Greenfield) impact the attractiveness - or vice versa - the risks of FDI and International Trade in the specific country or territory. Still, keep in mind that each risk may lead to an opportunity for resolving problems via suitable FDI and International Trade, while each opportunity for FDI and International Trade may involve risks.

Political Risks: Regime Transformation, Political Instability, Wars, Conflicts, Geopolitical Conflicts, Sanctions, Global Terror, Regional Crises, and Global Crises.

Economic Risks: Economic Instability, Restrictions on FDI and International Trade, Impact of FDI on Labour Markets; International Trade Agreements and Trade Wars

Strategic Risks: Strategic Risks in M&As, Integration in M&As, Cultural Distance, Cultural Openness, Labour Unions in M&As

Syria - Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade

Syria

• Capital: Damascus

• Population: 17,500,657 (World Bank, 2020)

• GDP per capita, PPP: $ 3,858.2(World Bank, 2020)

• GNI per capita, Atlas Method: $ 1,170 (World Bank, 2020)

Damascus, Syria

Main Religion: Islam (app. 70% Sunni Islam, Alawites Islam 10%)

President Bashar al-Assad is Alawite. Alawites dominate the Syrian government and key military positions.

Key Figures of FDI and International Trade

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$): $804.16 (Millions) (2011)

Foreign direct investment, net outflows (BoP, current US$): $0 (Millions) (2010)

Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$): $19,605.79 (Millions) (2010)

Imports of goods and services (BoP, current US$): $19,408.80 (Millions) (2010)

Note: The latest database of Syria on World Bank regarding FDI and Trade refers to 2010/2011, so please see an alternative database for trade Syria - Country Profile - 2020 (indexmundi.com), yet regarding FDI No FDI in Syria for Ninth Year in a Row – UN Report – Syria Report (syria-report.com)

Source: World Bank

Information and Data on FDI and International Trade

FactSheet_2021_new (unctad.org)

Syria - Trade - European Commission (europa.eu

Syria (SYR) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners | OEC - The Observatory of Economic Complexity

Syria Balance of Trade - 2021 Data - 2022 Forecast - 1983-2020 Historical - Chart (tradingeconomics.com)

Note: Due to lack of information about Syria based on the regular sources used on this blog, then alternative sources used regarding Syria.

Macro Data

Syrian Arab Republic | Data (worldbank.org)

Syrian Arab Republic and the IMF

General Information and Political Information

Syria - The World Factbook (cia.gov)

Syria country profile - BBC News

Research Papers and Research Books

International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics » Submission » Socio-economic impacts in a Changing Climate: Case Study Syria (dergipark.org.tr)

Russian-Turkish cooperation in Syria: geopolitical alignment with limits: Cambridge Review of International Affairs: Vol 34, No 6 (tandfonline.com)

Institutional reform and FDI decision in transition economies: A qualitative study of Syria - Mahmoud Alajaty, 2017 (sagepub.com)

Trade determinants and potential of Syria: using a gravity model ‘with an estimation of the Syrian crisis’ impact on exports’: Middle East Development Journal: Vol 7, No 2 (tandfonline.com)

Trade Liberalization, Exports and Imports in Syria - Adel Shakeeb Mohsen, Soo Y. Chua, Che Normee Che Sab, 2017 (sagepub.com)

Export diversification in a transitioning economy - Lim - 2012 - Economics of Transition and Institutional Change - Wiley Online Library

Effects of oil and non-oil exports on the economic growth of Syria

The impact of parallel market exchange rate volatility and oil exports on real GDP in Syria: Evidence from the ARDL approach: The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development: Vol 27, No 3 (tandfonline.com)

Social Sciences | Free Full-Text | Oil in Syria between Terrorism and Dictatorship (mdpi.com)

Civil war hinders crop production and threatens food security in Syria | Nature Food

Future urban development scenarios for post-conflict Syria. How will returning refugees shape the future? - ScienceDirect

Political discourse of President Bashar Al-Assad after the Syrian revolution (analytical vision) | Emerald Insight

PAX SYRIANA: THE STAYING POWER OF BASHAR AL ASSAD: Asian Affairs: Vol 50, No 1 (tandfonline.com)

Cycle of Fear: Syria's Alawites in War and Peace - Leon Goldsmith - Google Books

Public Policy and Politics via Documentaries and in-Depth TV News Programs

Keep in mind that Documentaries and in-Depth TV News programs usually reflect a certain viewpoint. ZRB

Iraq and Syria: After Islamic State? [Full Documentary] - BBC News - YouTube

Syria: Child Workers in the Oil Industry I ARTE.tv Documentary - YouTube

Germany: Syrian torture on trial | DW Documentary - YouTube

Syria — is it a war without end? | Start Here - YouTube

Important History Events

Why History? History shapes the present and future and even may repeat itself. ZRB

Syria: A Modern History - David W. Lesch - Google Books

Fragile Nation, Shattered Land: The Modern History of Syria - James A. Reilly - Google Books

The Battle for Syria (degruyter.com)

The Boy who started the Syrian War | Featured Documentary - YouTube

The war in Syria explained in five minutes - YouTube

Other Issues

Issues that may have indirect effects or long-run effects either on opportunities or risks of FDI and International Trade. ZRB

Islamic State

In May 2015, IS controlled its greatest territory in Syria

Perspectives on the rebel social contract: Exit, voice, and loyalty in the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria - ScienceDirect

Sexual Violence, Competitive State Building, and Islamic State in Iraq and Syria: Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding: Vol 13, No 2 (tandfonline.com)

The Violence of the Islamic State of Syria (ISIS): A Behavioral Perspective | Violence and Gender (liebertpub.com)

What kind of victory for Russia in Syria?

Revisiting Western Strategies against the Islamic State in Iraq a...: Ingenta Connect

The effects of terrorism on economic performance: the case of Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) | SpringerLink

Energy infrastructure as a target of terrorist attacks from the Islamic state in Iraq and Syria - ScienceDirect

Sexual violence against women by so-called Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS): protocol for a systematic review | SpringerLink

Violence in the name of god? A framing processes approach to the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria: Social Movement Studies: Vol 17, No 1 (tandfonline.com)

Jihadist waves: Syria, the Islamic State, and the changing nature of foreign fighters - Güneş Murat Tezcür, Clayton Besaw, 2020 (sagepub.com)

Inside the Syrian city of Raqqa after Islamic State's fall - YouTube

Other

Recent Destructions in Palmyra, Syria: Looting and Illegal Antiquities Trade | SpringerLink

Tectonic and geologic influences on soil gas radon emission along the western extension of Damascus fault, Syria | SpringerLink

Traditional Costume

Dr. Rozen-Bakher’s Academic Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade

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