Eswatini (Swaziland), 6 January 2022

Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher’s Academic Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade: Opportunities versus Risks

Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher - Researcher in International Business with a focus on Risks

PhD in Public Policy & Management with a focus on International Business; M.A. in International Relations & Strategy with a focus on Foreign Policy & International Security; B.A. in Political Science; Sociology and Anthropology; Associate Degree in Business Management and General Management (448 Academic Hours); Certified Technician in Control Systems and Instrumentation; Technician in Telecommunication Systems;

In this blog, I focus each time on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade in a certain country or territory in terms of how Location Factors (Political, Economic, Technological, Ecological, Legal and Cultural) and Entry Modes (e.g. M&As, Export and Greenfield) impact the attractiveness - or vice versa - the risks of FDI and International Trade in the specific country or territory. Still, keep in mind that each risk may lead to an opportunity for resolving problems via suitable FDI and International Trade, while each opportunity for FDI and International Trade may involve risks.

Political Risks: Regime Transformation, Political Instability, Wars, Conflicts, Geopolitical Conflicts, Sanctions, Global Terror, Regional Crises, and Global Crises.
Economic Risks: Economic Instability, Restrictions on FDI and International Trade, Impact of FDI on Labour Markets; International Trade Agreements and Trade Wars
Strategic Risks: Strategic Risks in M&As, Integration in M&As, Cultural Distance, Cultural Openness, Labour Unions in M&As

Eswatini - Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade

**Eswatini (Swaziland)**

**Capital:** Mbabane (Executive capital); Lobamba (Legislative Capital)
**Population:** 1,160,164 (World Bank, 2020)
**GDP per capita, PPP:** $ 8,862.4 (World Bank, 2020)
**GNI per capita, Atlas Method:** $ 3,410 (World Bank, 2020)

Manzini, Eswatini

**Main Religion:** Christianity

Key Figures of FDI and International Trade

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$): $127.97 (Millions) (2019)
Foreign direct investment, net outflows (BoP, current US$): $-14.07 (Millions) (2020)
Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$): $1,807.82 (Millions) (2020)
Imports of goods and services (BoP, current US$): $1,695.43 (Millions) (2020)
Source: World Bank

Information and Data on FDI and International Trade

Investing in Eswatini - International Trade Portal International Trade Portal (lloydsbanktrade.com)
Trade Profile - Eswatini - International Trade Portal International Trade Portal (lloydsbanktrade.com)
FactSheet_2021_new (unctad.org)
Eswatini - United States Department of State

Macro Data

Eswatini | Data (worldbank.org)
Kingdom of Eswatini and the IMF

General Information and Political Information

Eswatini - The World Factbook (cia.gov)
eSwatini country profile - BBC News

Research Papers and Research Books

Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Energy–Climate–Economy–Population Nexus: An Empirical Analysis in Kenya, Senegal, and Eswatini (mdpi.com)
Eswatini in: Africa Yearbook Volume 16 (brill.com)
A framework for archives and records management education in an open distance e-learning environment in eSwatini - IOS Press
Determinants of Households’ Access to Improved Drinking Water Sources: A Secondary Analysis of Eswatini 2010 and 2014 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (hindawi.com)
Towards a framework for e-records readiness in support of e-government in eSwatini | ESARBICA Journal: Journal of the Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives (ajol.info)
Does financial development mean financial inclusion? A causal analysis for Eswatini | African Review of Economics and Finance (ajol.info)
Mapping the national system of innovation in Eswatini | African Review of Economics and Finance (journals.co.za)
Determinants of foreign exchange reserves in Eswatini: An ARDL approach | African Review of Economics and Finance (ajol.info)
Evolution of trade in Eswatini from 1968 to 2015: A developmental perspective | African Review of Economics and Finance (ajol.info)
Relationship between Financial Indicators and Foreign Direct Investment in Eswatini | Emenike | AFRE (Accounting and Financial Review) (unmer.ac.id)
Forests | Free Full-Text | Plant Fibre Crafts Production, Trade and Income in Eswatini, Malawi and Zimbabwe (mdpi.com)
The impact of sharing accommodation on the hotel occupancy rate in the kingdom of Swaziland: Current Issues in Tourism: Vol 22, No 16 (tandfonline.com)
Full article: An assessment of financial catastrophe and impoverishment from out-of-pocket health care payments in Swaziland (tandfonline.com)
Between Monarchy and Demands for Political Change: Regionalisation and internationalisation of trade union activism in Swaziland (openedition.org)

Public Policy and Politics via Documentaries and in-Depth TV News Programs

Keep in mind that Documentaries and in-Depth TV News programs usually reflect a certain viewpoint. ZRB

Eswatini: Protesters clash with police in Africa's last absolute monarchy | DW News - YouTube
Fighting Africa's last absolute monarch in Eswatini - BBC News - YouTube
Will Eswatini's King respond to calls for democracy? | Inside Story - YouTube
🇸🇿 Eswatini - King Addresses General Debate, 74th Session - YouTube

Important History Events

Why History? History shapes the present and future and even may repeat itself. ZRB

A Constitutional History of the Kingdom of Eswatini (Swaziland), 1960–1982 | SpringerLink
The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History - D. Hugh Gillis - Google Books
‘The Bay and the Ocean’: A History of the ANC in Swaziland, 1960–1979: African Historical Review: Vol 41, No 1 (tandfonline.com)

Other Issues

Issues that may have indirect effects or long-run effects either on opportunities or risks of FDI and International Trade. ZRB

HIV Issue

“I don’t want them to know”: how stigma creates dilemmas for engagement with Treat-all HIV care for people living with HIV in Eswatini: African Journal of AIDS Research: Vol 18, No 1 (tandfonline.com)
Expert client service delivery practices among adolescents living with HIV in Eswatini: A thematic analysis - ScienceDirect
Access to Justice for Women in Eswatini: HIV-Positive Women as a Vulnerable Population | SpringerLink

Other

Epidemiology of Campus Sexual Assault Among University Women in Eswatini - Rebecca Fielding-Miller, Fortunate Shabalala, Sakhile Masuku, Anita Raj, 2021 (sagepub.com)