Svalbard, Norway
https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/27032025/svalbard
Published Date: 27 March 2025
Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher to Identify Risks versus Opportunities at the Country Level
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This blog focuses on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade in a certain country or territory in terms of how the Location Factors (Political, Economic, Technological, Ecological, Legal and Cultural) and Entry Modes (e.g. M&As, Export and Greenfield) impact the attractiveness - or vice versa - the risks of FDI and International Trade in the certain country or territory, still, keep in mind that each risk may lead to an opportunity for resolving problems via suitable FDI and International Trade, while each opportunity for FDI and International Trade may involve risks.
Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
A Researcher in International Relations with a Focus on Security, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
Svalbard, Norway
Distance from Svalbard to Norway: 2,118 Km (Straight line distance Capital-to-Capital in Km, Map Developers)
Since the 17th century, Svalbard Archipelago (Spitsbergen) has been a Colony of Western countries (e.g. France, England) that was started mainly for hunting whales, but Norway took control over Svalbard Archipelago in 1920 based on the Svalbard Treaty, which gives sovereignty to Norway over Svalbard, yet with four main restrictions and exemptions: Norway can not use Svalbard for military purposes, Svalbard and Norway have equal rights over mining, Norway can not collect taxes over Svalbard’s financial services, Svalbard is a visa-free zone namely, there is no need to get visa from Norway to travel or work or reside on the Svalbard Archipelago, still, Svalbard runs by an appointed Governor that responsible to operate the Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard, so Svalbard has no an elected self-governing authority. Moreover, apparently, there is no sovereignty dispute between Svalbard and Norway, but there is a dispute about the maritime of Svalbard Archipelago between Norway and other countries, as well as a dispute between Norway and Russia about militarising Svalbard by Norway, which is restricted according to the Svalbard Treaty.
Russia accuses Norway of militarising Svalbard Arctic islands
Svalbard Dispute as Russia Accuses Norway of Breaking Treaty
Norway Denies Russian Accusation of Militarising Svalbard Arctic Islands
Governor of Svalbard: Lars Fause (since June 2021) https://www.sysselmesteren.no/en/the-governor-of-svalbard/the-current-governor/
Svalbard Website https://www.sysselmesteren.no/en/
The official flag of Svalbard is the Norwegian Flag, but Svalbard has also unofficial flags that used by the locals.
Population
One of the Prominent Religious Sites
Longyearbyen, Svalbard
Key Figures of the Territory, Global Position, Alliances, and 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR)
Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Yearly Rank to Compare the Global Political Power among Countries to Survive Long Conflicts and Wars at the Military Level and Economic Level Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances
Key Figures of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
Svalbard's Extractive Economy: Past, Present, Future https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Svalbards-Extractive-Economy-Report-2023.pdf
Profile
Svalbard - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/place/Svalbard
Interview with Residents of Svalbard
Note, Svalbard has no self-governing authority
Research Papers and Research Books
How and why the Arctic Council survived until now – an analysis of the transition in chairship between Russia and Norway Andreeva, S., & Rottem, S. V. (2024). How and why the Arctic Council survived until now – an analysis of the transition in chairship between Russia and Norway. The Polar Journal, 14(1), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2024.2342111
Managing Svalbard Tourism Hovelsrud, G. K., Olsen, J., Nilsson, A. E., Kaltenborn, B., & Lebel, J. (2023). Managing Svalbard Tourism. Arctic Review on Law and Politics, 14, 86-106.
Water balance investigations in Svalbard Killingtveit, Å., Pettersson, L. E., & Sand, K. (2003). Water balance investigations in Svalbard. Polar Research, 22(2), 161-174.
The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard Hop1, H., Pearson2, T., Hegseth3, E. N., Kovacs1, K. M., Wiencke4, C., Kwasniewski5, S., ... & Gerland14, S. (2002). The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar research, 21(1), 167-208.
Svalbard glacier elevation changes and contribution to sea level rise Nuth, C., Moholdt, G., Kohler, J., Hagen, J. O., & Kääb, A. (2010). Svalbard glacier elevation changes and contribution to sea level rise. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 115(F1).
The dynamics of Svalbard diplomacy Pedersen, T. (2008). The dynamics of Svalbard diplomacy. Diplomacy and Statecraft, 19(2), 236-262.
The Svalbard treaty and identity of place: Impacts and implications for Longyearbyen, Svalbard Brode-Roger, D. (2023). The Svalbard treaty and identity of place: Impacts and implications for Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Polar Record, 59, e6.
Sources, fate and distribution of inorganic contaminants in the Svalbard area, representative of a typical Arctic critical environment–a review Rudnicka-Kępa, P., & Zaborska, A. (2021). Sources, fate and distribution of inorganic contaminants in the Svalbard area, representative of a typical Arctic critical environment–a review. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 193(11), 724.
Historical glacier change on Svalbard predicts doubling of mass loss by 2100 Geyman, E. C., JJ van Pelt, W., Maloof, A. C., Aas, H. F., & Kohler, J. (2022). Historical glacier change on Svalbard predicts doubling of mass loss by 2100. Nature, 601(7893), 374-379.
Climate extremes in Svalbard over the last two millennia are linked to atmospheric blocking Lapointe, F., Karmalkar, A. V., Bradley, R. S., Retelle, M. J., & Wang, F. (2024). Climate extremes in Svalbard over the last two millennia are linked to atmospheric blocking. Nature Communications, 15(1), 4432.
The politics of research presence in Svalbard Pedersen, T. (2021). The politics of research presence in Svalbard. The Polar Journal, 11(2), 413-426.
The myths of Svalbard geopolitics: An Arctic case study Østhagen, A. (2024). The myths of Svalbard geopolitics: An Arctic case study. Marine Policy, 167, 106183.
The decline of Svalbard land-fast sea ice extent as a result of climate change Urbański, J. A., & Litwicka, D. (2022). The decline of Svalbard land-fast sea ice extent as a result of climate change. Oceanologia, 64(3), 535-545.
Occurrence and sources of microplastics on Arctic beaches: Svalbard Lloyd-Jones, T., Dick, J. J., Lane, T. P., Cunningham, E. M., & Kiriakoulakis, K. (2023). Occurrence and sources of microplastics on Arctic beaches: Svalbard. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 196, 115586.
The subsurface thermal state of Svalbard and implications for geothermal potential Senger, K., Nuus, M., Balling, N., Betlem, P., Birchall, T., Christiansen, H. H., ... & Thomas, P. J. (2023). The subsurface thermal state of Svalbard and implications for geothermal potential. Geothermics, 111, 102702.
Changing Svalbard: Tracing interrelated socio-economic and environmental change in remote Arctic settlements Sokolickova, Z., Meyer, A., & Vlakhov, A. V. (2022). Changing Svalbard: Tracing interrelated socio-economic and environmental change in remote Arctic settlements. Polar Record, 58, e23.
History of heavy metal accumulation in the Svalbard area: Distribution, origin and transport pathways Zaborska, A., Beszczyńska-Möller, A., & Włodarska-Kowalczuk, M. (2017). History of heavy metal accumulation in the Svalbard area: Distribution, origin and transport pathways. Environmental Pollution, 231, 437-450.
Negotiating trade-offs between the environment, sustainability and mass tourism amongst guides on Svalbard Andersen, T. C. (2022). Negotiating trade-offs between the environment, sustainability and mass tourism amongst guides on Svalbard. Polar Record, 58, e9.
Historical Background and Historical Perspective
Holocene glacial history of Svalbard: Status, perspectives and challenges Farnsworth, W. R., Allaart, L., Ingólfsson, Ó., Alexanderson, H., Forwick, M., Noormets, R., ... & Schomacker, A. (2020). Holocene glacial history of Svalbard: Status, perspectives and challenges. Earth-Science Reviews, 208, 103249.
English and Dutch whaling trade and whaling stations in Spitsbergen (Svalbard) before 1660 Hacquebord, L., Steenhuisen, F., & Waterbolk, H. (2003). English and Dutch whaling trade and whaling stations in Spitsbergen (Svalbard) before 1660. International Journal of Maritime History, 15(2), 117-134.
Mining for Sovereignty? Norwegian Coal Companies and the Quest for Supremacy over Svalbard 1916-1925 Arlov, T. B. (2022). Mining for Sovereignty? Norwegian Coal Companies and the Quest for Supremacy over Svalbard 1916-1925. Poljarnyj vestnik, 25(1), 32-50.
An outline structural history of Spitsbergen Harland, W. B. (1961). An outline structural history of Spitsbergen. Geology of the Arctic, 1, 68-132.
No man's land: a history of Spitsbergen from its discovery in 1596 to the beginning of the scientific exploration of the country Conway, M. (2012). No man's land: a history of Spitsbergen from its discovery in 1596 to the beginning of the scientific exploration of the country. Cambridge University Press.
Articles from Newspapers
Operation Gauntlet: The Destruction of Mines, Coal, and Stations in Svalbard During World War II
Polar Bears in Svalbard
16 Fascinating Facts About Svalbard https://www.lifeinnorway.net/svalbard-facts/
