https://www.rozen-bakher.com/alliances/csto

Latest Update: 29 October 2024

Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics

Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances

• Publications— Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/publications/

• Unpublished New Research Papers of Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/research-papers

• Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Comments on Contemporary Risks.

  Risks Timeline by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: https://www.rozen-bakher.com/timeline-risks

• Monitoring Risks by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher to Analyse in-Depth Security & Political Risks and Economic & Strategic Risks

  Monitoring Risks by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-risks-1

• Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics

  Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances

• Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Yearly Rank to Compare the Global Political Power among Countries, Alliances and Coalitions to Survive Long Wars at the Military Level, Economic Level, and Political Level Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb

• Global Risks by Dr. Rozen-Bakher: Stimulating Thinking ‘Out of the Box’ on Ongoing Global Problems that Have no Clear Solutions

  Global Risks by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-risks

• Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher to Identify Risks versus Opportunities at the Country Level

  Blog on FDI and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher, by Date: https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog-all

• Twitter-X Lists of Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher to Identify Security & Political Risks and Economic & Strategic Risks

  Twitter-X Lists: Dr. Rozen-Bakher’s Twitter Lists https://www.rozen-bakher.com/twitter-lists-gr

For the Differences Between Military Defence Treaty versus Military Support Treaty versus Military Cooperation, Please see Section B2. in 2024 Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb/2024

CSTO - Collective Security Treaty Organization

CSTO is a Military Alliance led by Russia that includes additional 5 former Soviet countries: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. However, on June 2024, Armenia announced its intention to leave the CSTO, yet it is doubtful if Armenia will make the move without securing its position in USA Coalition (e.g. NATO or EU), still, currently, Armenia has paused its participation in the activities of CSTO. CSTO is a Military Alliance that acted based on the principle that aggression against one member country would be perceived as aggression against all member countries. Nevertheless, CSTO has 8 Observer States: Afghanistan, China, Iran, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Syria, and Uzbekistan, which regularly participate in Joint Training/Drills and Summits. Besides, CSTO has a close cooperation with SCO and CIS, still, keep in mind, that some countries are members in the three alliances. Hence, if we take into account the CSTO including its Observer States alongside its cooperation with SCO and CIS, then we get Informal ‘East Counter-NATO’, regardless of the members of BRICS Plus from ‘Outside East’ (e.g. South Africa and Brazil) that also participated in Joint Drills with Russia and China. Therefore, the West and NATO should not underestimated CSTO, and in particular, the Informal ‘Global Counter-NATO’ that includes the core members of CSTO, SCO, CIS, and BRICS Plus.

• Website of CSTO https://odkb-csto.org/

• CSTO - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization

Observer States of CSTO - Participation in Joint Training/Drills and Summits

• Joint Training/Drills of CSTO with its Observer States: Saudi Arabia, Iran, China and Mongolia, 2023: https://en.odkb-csto.org/news/news_odkb/o-gotovnosti-organov-upravleniya-i-formirovaniy-sil-i-sredstv-sistemy-kollektivnoy-bezopasnosti-odkb/?sphrase_id=123243#loaded

• Trilateral military exercises in Tajikistan successfully completed - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Russia successfully completed joint exercises at the Harb Maidon training ground (Translated) https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/08/12/training/

• Military exercises between Russia and Uzbekistan began near the border with Afghanistan (Translated) https://uz.sputniknews.ru/20210802/rossiysko-uzbekskie-voennye-ucheniya-startovali-na-granitse-afganistana-19909396.html

• Iran invited to CSTO exercise in Belarus as observer, Mehr News Agency

CSTO’s Cooperation with Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

• 2023. On the meeting of the senior administrative officials of the CSTO, the SCO and the CIS https://en.odkb-csto.org/news/news_odkb/o-vstreche-vysshikh-administrativno-dolzhnostnykh-lits-odkb-shos-i-sng/#loaded

• 2023. The CSTO Secretary General will participate in the 23rd Plenary Meeting of the Council of the SCO member state Heads

• 2023. Putin says CSTO bloc has developed contacts with 'natural partners'

• 2019. On June 14, CSTO Acting Secretary General Valery Semerikov will take part in the 19th meeting of the Council of Heads of State of the SCO Member States, which will be held in Bishkek

• 2018. CSTO Secretary General Yuri Khachaturov goes to China to attend the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit in Qingdao and the meeting of senior administrative officials of the CSTO, CIS and SCO

• 2016. CSTO Secretary General Nikolai Bordyuzha took part in the anniversary SCO summit in Tashkent on June 23-24, 2016

CSTO - Membership

From 2024 Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher

2024 Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb/2024

Section E19. Russia's Military Defence Treaties: Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and China-Russia Treaty https://www.rozen-bakher.com/gsr/2024/e/19

List of Contents - Section E19. Russia's Military Defence Treaties: Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and China-Russia Treaty

• E19.1 Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) led by Russia 

  • E19.1.1 Members of CSTO E19.1.2 Observer States of CSTO

  • E19.1.2 Members and Observer States of CSTO

• E19.2 China-Russia Military Defence Treaty (Two-Directions) - ‘Sino-Russian Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation’

From Newspapers

• Will the CSTO, Russia’s Answer to NATO, Expand? (On June 25, 2024, the secretary-general of the Russia-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), Imangali Tasmagambetov, said that he foresaw the organization’s future membership expanding)

• CSTO approves plan to strengthen Tajikistan-Afghanistan border

• Armenian defense minister underlines CSTO role in ensuring Armenia's security

• CSTO, CIS, SCO discuss security in Eurasia

• CSTO holds military drills in Tajikistan near Afghanistan border

• Rubezh 2024 exercise starts in Tajikistan - CSTO

• Post-Soviet security bloc thwarts enemy invasion in Tajikistan drills

• Interview with CSTO Secretary General Imangali Tasmagambetov to TASS

• Armenia’s Misguided “Pivot to the West”

• CSTO defense ministers agree to equip collective forces with advanced weapons

• Armenian Foreign Ministry denies that country's PM spoke of leaving Russian-controlled alliance

• Defense ministers of the CSTO countries signed documents

• Russia-led CSTO’s parliamentary assembly council meets in Kazakhstan

• Is the CSTO attractive to Azerbaijan? A view from Baku

• Armenia to leave Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organisation

• Putin says CSTO bloc has developed contacts with 'natural partners'

• Armenia has not officially notified suspension of CSTO membership: Kremlin

• Armenia Free To Leave Russian-Led Bloc, Says Moscow

• The CSTO Secretariat is holding a regular meeting of representatives of the Collective Security Treaty Organization

• Armenia stops financing the activities of the CSTO, which is de facto headed by Russia

• Kazakhstan: CSTO Collective Forces complete drills at Matybulak training range | Video Ruptly

• PREVIEW: Exercises of CSTO Collective Force to begin in Belarus

• Armenia considers possible future outside Russia-led military bloc

• Armenia Notably Absent As Russian-Led CSTO Training Gets Under Way

• Is Uzbekistan on the Verge of Rejoining the CSTO? - Jamestown

• Iran invited to CSTO exercise in Belarus as observer

• Collective Security Treaty Organization actually has integrated air defense - minister

• CSTO Secretariat, CIS Anti-Terrorist Center sign memorandum of cooperation

From Scientific Literature - Research Papers and Research Books

• Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) Sakhariyev, S. (2022). Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). In International Conflict and Security Law: A Research Handbook (pp. 609-618). The Hague: TMC Asser Press.

• Collective security treaty organization Aris, S. (2014). Collective security treaty organization. In Handbook of governance and security (pp. 554-570). Edward Elgar Publishing.

• Collective security treaty organization: Origins of the multidimensional mandate and modern means for its implementation Golub, K., & Golub, Y. (2018). Collective security treaty organization: Origins of the multidimensional mandate and modern means for its implementation. International Organisations Research Journal, 13(1), 193-203.

• The interconnection of global and regional security systems: The case of the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai  Bokeriya, S. (2019). The interconnection of global and regional security systems: The case of the United Nations, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. International Organisations Research Journal, 14(1), 21-38.

• Peacekeeping Potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization Kornilenko, A. V. (2020). Peacekeeping Potential of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 20(4), 707-720.

• Relations of Central Asia with the Shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization De Haas, M. (2017). Relations of Central Asia with the Shanghai cooperation organization and the collective security treaty organization. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 30(1), 1-16.

• War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move! De Haas, M. (2016). War Games of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization: Drills on the Move!. The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29(3), 378-406.

• Regional Security Governance in Post-Soviet Eurasia: The History and Effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty Organization Davidzon, I. (2021). Regional Security Governance in Post-Soviet Eurasia: The History and Effectiveness of the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Springer Nature.

• The collective security treaty organization Deyermond, R. (2018). The collective security treaty organization. In Routledge Handbook of Russian Foreign Policy (pp. 421-429). Routledge.

• Protective integration and security policy coordination: Comparing the SCO and CSTO Allison, R. (2018). Protective integration and security policy coordination: Comparing the SCO and CSTO. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 11(3), 297-338.

• 2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan Syssoyeva, R. V. (2023). 2022 January Events and CSTO Peacekeeping Mission in Kazakhstan. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 23(2), 241-252.

• NATO vs. the CSTO: security threat perceptions and responses to secessionist conflicts in Eurasia Guliyev, F., & Gawrich, A. (2021). NATO vs. the CSTO: security threat perceptions and responses to secessionist conflicts in Eurasia. Post-Communist Economies, 33(2-3), 283-304.

From Documentaries and Inside TV News