https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/08042025/north-yemen-sanaa

Published Date: 08 April 2025

Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher to Identify Risks versus Opportunities at the Country Level

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This blog focuses on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade in a certain country or territory in terms of how the Location Factors (Political, Economic, Technological, Ecological, Legal and Cultural) and Entry Modes (e.g. M&As, Export and Greenfield) impact the attractiveness - or vice versa - the risks of FDI and International Trade in the certain country or territory, still, keep in mind that each risk may lead to an opportunity for resolving problems via suitable FDI and International Trade, while each opportunity for FDI and International Trade may involve risks.

**Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher**

**A Researcher in International Relations with a Focus on Security, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade**

CV

North Yemen (Sanaa)

Disputed Country due to the Failure of the Unification of Yemen between North Yemen (Sanaa) and South Yemen (Aden) that has led to the Reverse Status of Yemen before the Unification due to the Yemeni civil war namely, from 1994 until today, Yemen has de-facto two countries: South Yemen (Aden) and North Yemen (Sanaa) as it was before the Unification, still, South Yemen (Aden) represents the Republic of Yemen in the UN but only the political interests of South Yemen (Aden), while North Yemen (Sanaa) has No Representation in the UN as it had before the unification of Yemen.

North Yemen (Sanaa) - UN Member 1947-1990; After the Failure of the Unification (1994-present) - No Representation in the UN as it had before the unification of Yemen.

South Yemen (Aden) - UN Member 1967-1990; After the Failure of the Unification (1994-present) - South Yemen (Aden) represents the Republic of Yemen in the UN but only the political interests of South Yemen (Aden)

Republic of Yemen - From 1994 until Today, Republic of Yemen De-Facto does not exist due to the Failure of the Unification of Yemen between North Yemen (Sanaa) and South Yemen (Aden).

Timeline of North Yemen (Sanaa) and South Yemen (Aden) - before the Unification and after the Failure of the Unification

1918-1990, North Yemen (Sanaa): Kingdom of Northern Yemen-1918-1962 (Independent Country, UN member 1947-1962 ), Yemen Arab Republic-1962-1990 (Independent Country and UN member)
1838-1990, South Yemen (Aden): British Colony-1838-1967, People's Republic of Southern Yemen-1967-1970 (Independent Country and UN member) ,People's Democratic Republic of Yemen-1970-1990 (Independent Country and UN member)
1990, Unification of North Yemen (Sanaa) and South Yemen (Aden) that established the Republic of Yemen (Independent Country and UN member): The Unification lasts from 1990 until 1994 when the Yemeni civil war was erupted, which has led to failure of the unification of Yemen.
1994-present, Failure of the Unification of Yemen that has led to the reverse status of Yemen before 1990 in a way that in 1994, only four years after the unification, when the Yemeni civil war was erupted, Yemen has de-facto two countries: South Yemen (Aden) and North Yemen (Sanaa). The disunification of Yemen has started in 1994, only four years after the unification, when the Yemeni civil war was erupted, which has led to the reverse status of Yemen before 1990 in a way that Yemen has de-facto two different countries: South Yemen (Aden) and North Yemen (Sanaa), still, South Yemen (Aden) represents Yemen in the UN but only the political interests of South Yemen (Aden), while North Yemen (Sanaa) that controlled by the Houthis has no representation in the UN as it had before the unification of Yemen. Hence, following the failure of the unification of Yemen, Houthis has a formal government and a formal army that control the territory of North Yemen (Sanaa), while South Yemen has also a formal government and a formal army, so the current situation in Yemen reflects de-facto the dissolution of Unified Yemen. Therefore, from 1994 when the Yemen civil war erupted until today, Yemen has two capitals, two parliaments, two governments, and two formal armies that de-facto reflect two independent countries: North Yemen with its capital Sanaa and South Yemen with its capital Aden as it was before the unification of Yemen in 1990.

Estimation of the Current Population and Area Size of North Yemen (Sanaa) and South Yemen (Aden) based the data before the Unification of Yemen

North Yemen and South Yemen Before the Unification of Yemen in 1990 The Current Division between North Yemen and South Yemen

North Yemen (Sanaa)

Population

Source below: https://www.citypopulation.de/en/yemen/

One of the Prominent Religious Sites

**Sanaa, North Yemen**

Key Figures of the Country, Global Position, Alliances, and 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR)

Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Yearly Rank to Compare the Global Political Power among Countries to Survive Long Conflicts and Wars at the Military Level and Economic Level Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb

Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances

North Yemen (Sanaa) does not include in 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR), but it is going to be included in 2025 Global Survival Rank (GSR)

Key Figures of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade

Note, the data that published on Yemen by various sources in relation to FDI and International Trade do not distinguish between North Yemen (Sanaa) and South Yemen (Aden). Importantly, South Yemen (Aden) is responsible to transfer the data on Yemen to the international institutional (e.g. World Bank), so unlikely, that this data included all the FDI and International Trade that conducted by the Houthis that inhabited the North Yemen (Sanaa) because of the lack of transparency between North Yemen and South Yemen because of the ongoing war between them.

Country Profile

North Yemen https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/yemen-arab-republic
Kingdom of Yemen/Yemen Arab Republic/North Yemen (1918-1990) https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/north-yemen-1944-present/

Speeches by Houthi Supreme Leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi

Research Papers and Research Books

A medical evaluation of the use of qat in North Yemen Kennedy, J. G., Teague, J., Rokaw, W., & Cooney, E. (1983). A medical evaluation of the use of qat in North Yemen. Social Science & Medicine, 17(12), 783-793.
The flower of paradise: the institutionalized use of the drug qat in North Yemen Kennedy, J. G. (2012). The flower of paradise: the institutionalized use of the drug qat in North Yemen (Vol. 10). Springer Science & Business Media.
Qat use in North Yemen and the problem of addiction: a study in medical anthropology Kennedy, J. G., Teague, J., & Fairbanks, L. (1980). Qat use in North Yemen and the problem of addiction: a study in medical anthropology. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 4, 311-344.
Tribal systems and social stratification: The Case of North Yemen Kruse, H. (1979). Tribal systems and social stratification: The Case of North Yemen. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 40(3), 380-394.
The al Houthi insurgency in the North of Yemen: An analysis of the Shabab al Moumineen Freeman, J. (2009). The al Houthi insurgency in the North of Yemen: An analysis of the Shabab al Moumineen. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(11), 1008-1019.
Regime and periphery in northern Yemen: the Huthi phenomenon Salmoni, B. A., Loidolt, B., & Wells, M. (2010). Regime and periphery in northern Yemen: the Huthi phenomenon. Rand Corporation.
The position of Shaykhs among the Northern Tribes of Yemen Dresch, P. (1984). The position of Shaykhs among the Northern Tribes of Yemen. Man, 31-49.
Inscriptions of violence in Northern Yemen: haunting histories, unstable moral spaces Hamidi, A. (2009). Inscriptions of violence in Northern Yemen: haunting histories, unstable moral spaces. Middle Eastern Studies, 45(2), 165-187.
Agriculture in the northern highlands of Yemen: from subsistence to cash cropping Varisco, D. M. (2018). Agriculture in the northern highlands of Yemen: from subsistence to cash cropping. Journal of Arabian Studies, 8(2), 171-192.
Political ecology and the role of water: environment, society and economy in northern Yemen Lichtenthäler, G. (2003). Political ecology and the role of water: environment, society and economy in northern Yemen. Routledge.
Challenges and security risks in the red sea: Impact of houthi attacks on maritime traffic Rodriguez-Diaz, E., Alcaide, J. I., & Garcia-Llave, R. (2024). Challenges and security risks in the red sea: Impact of houthi attacks on maritime traffic. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(11), 1900.
Tribes and politics in Yemen: A History of the Houthi conflict Brandt, M. (2017). Tribes and politics in Yemen: A History of the Houthi conflict. oxford university Press.
The Houthi Movement and the Management of Instability in Wartime Yemen Carboni, A. (2025). The Houthi Movement and the Management of Instability in Wartime Yemen. Civil Wars, 1-25.
How war in Yemen transformed the Iran-Houthi partnership Juneau, T. (2024). How war in Yemen transformed the Iran-Houthi partnership. Studies in conflict & terrorism, 47(3), 278-300.
Protecting the free flow of commerce from houthi attacks off the arabian peninsula Pedrozo, R. P. (2024). Protecting the free flow of commerce from houthi attacks off the arabian peninsula. International Law Studies, 103(1), 2.
Iran's policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: a limited return on a modest investment Juneau, T. (2016). Iran's policy towards the Houthis in Yemen: a limited return on a modest investment. International Affairs, 92(3), 647-663.
The role of “coup forces,” saleh, and the houthis Nevola, L., & Shiban, B. (2020). The role of “coup forces,” saleh, and the houthis. Global, regional, and local dynamics in the Yemen crisis, 233-251.
Ansar Allah Forster, R., & Kinnear, H. (2023). Ansar Allah. In The Handbook of homeland security (pp. 335-344). CRC Press.
Ansar Allah (Houthi Rebels) Palik, J. (2024). Ansar Allah (Houthi Rebels). In Handbook of Terrorist and Insurgent Groups (pp. 503-513). CRC Press.
The Huthi Enigma: Ansar Allah and the “second republic.” Brandt, M. (2018). The Huthi Enigma: Ansar Allah and the “second republic.”. Yemen and the search for stability: Power, politics and society after the Arab spring, 160-183.
Iran's Political Stance toward Yemen's Ansar Allah Movement: A Constructivist-Based Study Barzegar, K., & Dinan, S. M. K. (2016). Iran's Political Stance toward Yemen's Ansar Allah Movement: A Constructivist-Based Study. J. Pol. & L., 9, 77.

Historical Background and Historical Perspective

The Saudi-Egyptian Conflict over North Yemen, 1962-1970 Badeeb, S. M. (2019). The Saudi-Egyptian Conflict over North Yemen, 1962-1970. Routledge.
The History of ʿUzlah and Mikhlāf in North Yemen Matsumoto, H. (1994, January). The History of ʿUzlah and Mikhlāf in North Yemen. In Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies (Vol. 24, pp. 175-182). Archaeopress.
The North Yemen civil war and the failure of the Federation of South Arabia Orkaby, A. (2018). The North Yemen civil war and the failure of the Federation of South Arabia. In Britain and State Formation in Arabia 1962–1971 (pp. 68-82). Routledge.
A regular army in counterinsurgency operations: Egypt in North Yemen, 1962–1967 Witty, D. M. (2017). A regular army in counterinsurgency operations: Egypt in North Yemen, 1962–1967. In Warfare in the Middle East since 1945 (pp. 413-451). Routledge.
Impact of 1962-68 North Yemen war on cold war balance of power Kadri, J. (2021). Impact of 1962-68 North Yemen war on cold war balance of power. Middle East Critique, 30(3), 265-286.
The al Houthi insurgency in the North of Yemen: An analysis of the Shabab al Moumineen Freeman, J. (2009). The al Houthi insurgency in the North of Yemen: An analysis of the Shabab al Moumineen. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 32(11), 1008-1019.
The Yemen Arab Republic: The Politics of Development, 1962-1986 Burrowes, R. D. (2016). The Yemen Arab Republic: The Politics of Development, 1962-1986. Routledge.
Social structure and politics in the Yemen Arab Republic Stookey, R. W. (1974). Social structure and politics in the Yemen Arab Republic. Middle East Journal, 28(3), 248-260.
Prelude to Unification: The Yemen Arab Republic, 1962–1990 Burrowes, R. D. (1991). Prelude to Unification: The Yemen Arab Republic, 1962–1990. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 23(4), 483-506.
The Yemen Arab republic and the politics of balance Peterson, J. E. (1981). The Yemen Arab republic and the politics of balance. Asian Affairs, 12(3), 254-266.
The Yemen Arab Republic and the Ali Abdallah Salih Regime: 1978-1984 Burrowes, R. D. (1985). The Yemen Arab Republic and the Ali Abdallah Salih Regime: 1978-1984. Middle East Journal, 39(3), 287-316.
Consumption in the Yemen Arab Republic Harvey, N. (1985). Consumption in the Yemen Arab Republic. In Economy, Society & Culture in Contemporary Yemen (pp. 102-106). Routledge.
The Development of the Banking Sector in the Yemen Arab Republic Rajab, T. A. (1985). The Development of the Banking Sector in the Yemen Arab Republic. In Economy, Society & Culture in Contemporary Yemen (pp. 96-101). Routledge.
The Salafī Imāmate: Moral Reform and Anti-Imperialism in the Mutawakkilite Kingdom Willis, J. M. (2018). The Salafī Imāmate: Moral Reform and Anti-Imperialism in the Mutawakkilite Kingdom. Journal of Arabian Studies, 8(1), 47-65.