Tonga
https://www.rozen-bakher.com/blog/01042025/tonga
Published Date: 01 April 2025
Blog on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher to Identify Risks versus Opportunities at the Country Level
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This blog focuses on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade in a certain country or territory in terms of how the Location Factors (Political, Economic, Technological, Ecological, Legal and Cultural) and Entry Modes (e.g. M&As, Export and Greenfield) impact the attractiveness - or vice versa - the risks of FDI and International Trade in the certain country or territory, still, keep in mind that each risk may lead to an opportunity for resolving problems via suitable FDI and International Trade, while each opportunity for FDI and International Trade may involve risks.
Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher
A Researcher in International Relations with a Focus on Security, Political and Economic Risks for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
Tonga
Volcanoes on Tonga
Source: Tonga’s volcano eruption and tsunami explained in maps and charts https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/17/tongas-volcano-eruption-and-tsunami-explained-in-maps-and-charts-interactive
King of Tonga - Tupou VI
Population
Source: World Bank
One of the Prominent Religious Sites in the Country
Nuku'alofa, Tonga
Key Figures of the Country, Global Position, Alliances, and 2024 Global Survival Rank (GSR)
Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Yearly Rank to Compare the Global Political Power among Countries to Survive Long Conflicts and Wars at the Military Level and Economic Level Global Survival Rank by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/global-survival-rank-zrb
Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher: Monitoring Military, Political, Economic and Trade Alliances that Have an Impact on Global Order and Geopolitics Monitoring Alliances by Dr. Ziva Rozen-Bakher https://www.rozen-bakher.com/monitoring-alliances
Key Figures of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade
Source: World Bank
Source: Observatory of Economic Complexity
Country Profile
Tonga - BBC https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16197014
Tonga - Britannica https://www.britannica.com/place/Tonga
Tonga - UNCTAD https://unctadstat.unctad.org/CountryProfile/GeneralProfile/en-GB/776/index.html
Leader Speech at the 79th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)
Research Papers and Research Books
Power and Rank in the Kingdom of Tonga Bott, E. (1981). Power and Rank in the Kingdom of Tonga. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, 90(1), 7-81.
Geology, petrography, and geochemistry of the volcanic islands of Tonga Bryan, W. B., Stice, G. D., & Ewart, A. (1972). Geology, petrography, and geochemistry of the volcanic islands of Tonga. Journal of geophysical research, 77(8), 1566-1585.
The art of Tonga Cartmail, K. S. (1997). The art of Tonga. University of Hawaii Press.
Worldwide signature of the 2022 Tonga volcanic tsunami Carvajal, M., Sepúlveda, I., Gubler, A., & Garreaud, R. (2022). Worldwide signature of the 2022 Tonga volcanic tsunami. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(6), e2022GL098153.
Global Tonga tsunami explained by a fast-moving atmospheric source Omira, R., Ramalho, R. S., Kim, J., González, P. J., Kadri, U., Miranda, J. M., ... & Baptista, M. A. (2022). Global Tonga tsunami explained by a fast-moving atmospheric source. Nature, 609(7928), 734-740.
The effects of Cyclone Waka on the structure of lowland tropical rain forest in Vava'u, Tonga Franklin, J., Drake, D. R., McConkey, K. R., Tonga, F., & Smith, L. B. (2004). The effects of Cyclone Waka on the structure of lowland tropical rain forest in Vava'u, Tonga. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 20(4), 409-420.
Tone and accent in Tonga. Goldsmith, J. (1984). Tone and accent in Tonga. in Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone, edited by George N. Clements and J. Goldsmith, Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 19-52.
Diverse tsunamigenesis triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption Lynett, P., McCann, M., Zhou, Z., Renteria, W., Borrero, J., Greer, D., ... & Cinar, G. E. (2022). Diverse tsunamigenesis triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption. Nature, 609(7928), 728-733.
The unexpected radiative impact of the Hunga Tonga eruption of 15th January 2022 Sellitto, P., Podglajen, A., Belhadji, R., Boichu, M., Carboni, E., Cuesta, J., ... & Legras, B. (2022). The unexpected radiative impact of the Hunga Tonga eruption of 15th January 2022. Communications Earth & Environment, 3(1), 288.
Water vapor injection into the stratosphere by Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Vömel, H., Evan, S., & Tully, M. (2022). Water vapor injection into the stratosphere by Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai. Science, 377(6613), 1444-1447.
Tonga eruption increases chance of temporary surface temperature anomaly above 1.5° C Jenkins, S., Smith, C., Allen, M., & Grainger, R. (2023). Tonga eruption increases chance of temporary surface temperature anomaly above 1.5° C. Nature Climate Change, 13(2), 127-129.
Rapid characterization of large volcanic eruptions: Measuring the impulse of the Hunga Tonga Ha'apai explosion from teleseismic waves Poli, P., & Shapiro, N. M. (2022). Rapid characterization of large volcanic eruptions: Measuring the impulse of the Hunga Tonga Ha’apai explosion from teleseismic waves. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(8), e2022GL098123.
Tsunami effects on the Coast of Mexico by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano eruption, Tonga Ramírez-Herrera, M. T., Coca, O., & Vargas-Espinosa, V. (2022). Tsunami effects on the Coast of Mexico by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano eruption, Tonga. Pure and applied geophysics, 179(4), 1117-1137.
The estimated climate impact of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption plume Schoeberl, M. R., Wang, Y., Ueyama, R., Dessler, A., Taha, G., & Yu, W. (2023). The estimated climate impact of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai eruption plume. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(18), e2023GL104634.
Multiple airwaves crossing Britain and Ireland following the eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai on 15 January 2022 Burt, S. (2022). Multiple airwaves crossing Britain and Ireland following the eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai on 15 January 2022. Weather, 77(3), 76-81.
Forget China: No Shark Trade in Tonga. Yeah Right Pulu, T. B. (2013). Forget China: No Shark Trade in Tonga. Yeah Right. Te Kaharoa, 6(1).
General agreement on trade in services (GATS) and WTO accession commitments-the experience of Tonga and Vanuatu Ofa, S. (2008). General agreement on trade in services (GATS) and WTO accession commitments-the experience of Tonga and Vanuatu. In New Reflections on International Trade: Essays on Agriculture, WTO Accession and Systemic Issues (pp. 405-425). Cameron May Ltd.
Barriers and facilitators to the introduction of import duties designed to prevent noncommunicable disease in Tonga: a case study Bell, C., Latu, C., Na’ati, E., Snowdon, W., Moodie, M., & Waqa, G. (2021). Barriers and facilitators to the introduction of import duties designed to prevent noncommunicable disease in Tonga: a case study. Globalization and health, 17, 1-10.
Cooling and Power from Waste and Agriculture Residue as a Sustainable Strategy for Small Islands—A Case Study of Tonga Yousefzadeh, M., Lenzen, M., & Tariq, M. A. (2022). Cooling and Power from Waste and Agriculture Residue as a Sustainable Strategy for Small Islands—A Case Study of Tonga. Sustainability, 15(1), 537.
The agriculture–nutrition–income nexus in Tonga: Is postharvest loss undermining horticulture market efficiency in Tonga? Underhill, S. J., Patolo, S., Zhou, Y., & Burkhart, S. (2020). The agriculture–nutrition–income nexus in Tonga: Is postharvest loss undermining horticulture market efficiency in Tonga?. Horticulturae, 6(4), 61.
Analysis of wind characteristics and wind energy resource assessment for Tonga using eleven methods of estimating Weibull parameters Kutty, S. S., Khan, M. G., & Ahmed, M. R. (2024). Analysis of wind characteristics and wind energy resource assessment for Tonga using eleven methods of estimating Weibull parameters. Heliyon, 10(9).
Historical Background and Historical Perspective
Tonga religious life in the twentieth century Colson, E. (2007). Tonga religious life in the twentieth century. African Books Collective. Zambia: Bookworld Publishers.
Queen Salote of Tonga: The story of an era 1900-1965 Wood-Ellem, E. (2001). Queen Salote of Tonga: The story of an era 1900-1965. University of Hawaii Press.
Early Tonga: as the explorers saw it 1616-1810 Ferdon, E. N. (1988). Early Tonga: as the explorers saw it 1616-1810. University of Arizona Press.
Shirley Baker and the king of Tonga Rutherford, N. (1996). Shirley Baker and the king of Tonga. University of Hawaii Press.
The geology of Tofua island, Tonga Bauer, G. R. (1970). The geology of Tofua island, Tonga.
From Sisters to Wives and 'Slaves' Redefining matriliny and the lives of Lakeside Tonga women, 1885-1955 Lovett, M. L. (1997). From Sisters to Wives and'Slaves' Redefining matriliny and the lives of Lakeside Tonga women, 1885-1955. Critique of Anthropology, 17(2), 171-187.
Traditional War Dance Kailao
